This lab includes a theoretical explanation of how buffers work and how they are made, including a derivation of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Students will use what they have learned to ...

Identify the independent (manipulated) and dependent (responding) variables in a scientific investigation. Draw conclusions about the relationship between two variables using quantitative data.

Strong base is added to three different buffers and water and the effect on pH is observed.

Process liquids and buffers are necessary tools for biotherapeutic manufacturing. In small-scale process development scales, these liquids are often overlooked as the focus is usually on the molecule, ...

A focused A Level Chemistry calculation pack covering equilibria, (Kc), (Kp), partial pressures, acid-base calculations, pH, (Ka), (pKa), buffers, indicators and titration curves. This resource ...

The calculator is designed as a teaching and checking tool, not simply an answer generator. Each stage of the calculation is shown clearly so students can follow the equilibrium reasoning and ...